Zvose ketoni uye esters ndiwo maviri emapoka anonyanya kukosha anoshanda mune organic chemistry.Iwo anowanikwa mune dzakasiyana siyana organic komisheni uye anotamba akakosha mabasa mune akawanda biological uye makemikari maitiro.Pasinei nekufanana kwavo, maitiro avo uye maitiro akasiyana chaizvo.Ngationgororei kuti ketoni uye esters chii, kuti akasiyana sei, akafanana sei, uye zvaanoreva mumakemikari uye biology.
Ketoni ikirasi yezvakagadzirwa zvakasanganiswa zvine carbonyl inoshanda boka (C = O) pakati pemorekuru.Maketone ane maviri alkyl kana aryl mapoka akasungirirwa pacarbonyl carbon.Iyo yakapfava pane iyi iacetone, iyo ine formula (CH3) 2CO.Izvo zvinogadzirwa nekuparara kwemafuta mumuviri.Iyo inozivikanwawo semiviri yeketone, ketoni makemikari anogadzirwa apo muviri wako unotanga kuputsa mafuta pane macarbohydrates esimba.
Maketone anoumbwa kubva kumafuta asidhi ari muchiropa uye anoburitswa muropa, maanogona kushandiswa sesimba rinobva kumasero nenhengo dzemuviri.Kana muviri uri mu ketosis, unovimba neketoni seyo yekutanga mafuta sosi, pane glucose, ndicho chikonzero chikafu che ketogenic chave chakakurumbira mumakore achangopfuura.Zvisinei, ketoni haisi kungobudiswa panguva yekutsanya kana kudya kwe ketogenic.Inogonawo kugadzirwa kana muviri uchinetseka, senge panguva yekusimbisa muviri, kana kana paine kushaikwa kwe insulini mumuviri, izvo zvinogona kuitika muvanhu vane chirwere cheshuga.
Matatu ketoni anogadzirwa panguva yeketosis: acetone, acetoacetate, uye beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB).Pakati pavo, acetone iketone inobudiswa kubva mumuviri kuburikidza nekufema, iyo inobudisa muchero kana kunhuhwirira kunotapira mukufema, kunowanzozivikanwa se "keto breath".Ichi chinogona kunge chiri chiratidzo chekuti muviri wako wapinda mune ketosis.Acetoacetate, imwe ketone, inogadzirwa muchiropa uye inoshandiswa nemasero emuviri kuita simba.Zvisinei, inoshandurawo kuBHB, rudzi rwakawanda rweketone muropa panguva ye ketosis.BHB inogona kuyambuka zviri nyore ropa-brain chipingamupinyi, nokudaro ichisimbisa uropi uye inogona kuvandudza kujeka kwepfungwa uye kutarisa.
Esters ma organic compounds ane RCOOR 'kushanda, uko R uye R' ari chero organic boka.Esters inoumbwa apo carboxylic acids uye madoro anoita pasi pemamiriro e acidic uye kubvisa morekuru remvura.Zvinowanzowanikwa mumafuta anokosha uye michero yakawanda.Semuenzaniso, kunhuwira mumabhanana akaibva kunobva kune ester inonzi isoamyl acetate.Ester ine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana.
1. Zvinonhuhwirira
Imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa ester iri mukunhuhwirira uye zvinonhuwira nekuda kwekunhuhwirira kwavo kunotapira, muchero uye kunakidza, uye ivo vanobatsirawo kusimudzira kunhuhwirira kwese kwechigadzirwa, zvichiita kuti chiwedzere kukwezva vashandisi.
2. Chikafu chinonaka
Iyo yakasarudzika kemikari chimiro cheesters inovabvumira kuti vape fruity uye maruva anonhuhwirira, saka esters anoshandiswawo muindasitiri yezvekudya, kunyanya mukunaka.Izvo zvinowanzojairika mune zvakawanda zvekudya zvinosanganisira confectionery, zvakabikwa zvinhu uye zvinwiwa.Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, esters yakashandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinonhuhwira zvekugadzira uye zvave zvakakosha muzvokudya zvakawanda.
3. Plastiki
Semapurasitiki, esters anoita kuti mapurasitiki awedzere kushanduka uye akasimba.Saka esters anoshandiswa mukugadzira mapurasitiki akasiyana, uye anobatsirawo kudzivirira mapurasitiki kuti asaite brittle nekufamba kwenguva.Izvi zvakakosha kune zvigadzirwa zvinogara kwenguva refu senge zvinhu zvemotokari kana michina yekurapa.
4. Solvent
Nekuti esters inogona kunyungudutsa organic zvinhu zvakaita semafuta, resin uye mafuta.Naizvozvo, esters anobatsira mumaindasitiri mazhinji sezvinonyungudutsa zvekunyungudutsa zvimwe zvinhu.Esters zvakanaka zvinonyungudutsa, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwepende, varnishes uye adhesives.
Nekuenzanisa ketoni uye esters, tinogona kuona kuti mutsauko pakati peketoni uye esters unonyanya mune zvinotevera zvinhu:
1. Musiyano mukuru pakati peketoni uye esters unonyanya kuve muchimiro chemakemikari.Iro carbonyl boka remaketone riri pakati pekabhoni chain, nepo carbonyl boka re esters riri pamagumo eketani yekabhoni.Iyi misiyano yezvimiro inotungamira kune misiyano mune yavo yemuviri nemakemikari zvinhu.
●Ketoni makemikari ane organic compounds ane carbonyl boka rinoumbwa neatomu yeoxygen yakapetwa kaviri kuatomu kabhoni iri pakati pe carbon chain.Kemikari yavo formula ndeye R-CO-R', uko R uye R' ari alkyl kana aryl.Maketoni anoumbwa neoxidation yechipiri madoro kana cleavage yecarboxylic acids.Ivo zvakare vanopinda keto-enol tautomerism, zvinoreva kuti vanogona kuvepo mune ese ketone uye enol mafomu.Ketones anowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinonyungudutsa, polymer zvinhu uye mishonga yemishonga.
●Maester maorganic compounds ane boka recarbonyl pamagumo eketani yekabhoni uye boka reR rakabatanidzwa paatomu reokisijeni.Kemikari yavo formula ndeye R-COOR', uko R uye R' ari alkyl kana aryl.Esters inoumbwa nekuita kwecarboxylic acids ine madoro pamberi peiyo catalyst.Vane kunhuhwirira kwemuchero uye vanowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinonhuwira, essences uye plasticizers.
2.Musiyano wakanyanya kujeka pakati peketoni uye esters inzvimbo yavo yekubikira.Iko kuvira kweketoni kwakakwirira kudarika iyo esters nokuti ine simba rakasimba re intermolecular.Boka recarbonyl muketone rinogona kuumba hydrogen zvisungo nemamorekuru eketone ari padyo, zvichikonzera masimba akasimba epakati.Kusiyana neizvi, maesters ane masimba asina simba eintermolecular nekuda kwekusakwanisa kwemaatomu eokisijeni muboka reR kuumba hydrogen bond nemamorekuru ester ari pedyo.
3.Mukuwedzera, reactivity yeketoni uye esters yakasiyana.Nekuda kwekuvapo kwemapoka maviri ealkyl kana aryl kune rumwe rutivi rweboka recarbonyl, ketoni dzinoita zvakanyanya kupfuura esters.Aya mapoka anogona kupa maerekitironi kune carbonyl, zvichiita kuti ive nyore kutapukirwa nucleophilic.Kusiyana neizvi, esters haanyanyi kuita nekuda kwekuvapo kwealkyl kana aryl boka paatomu yeokisijeni.Iri boka rinogona kupa maerekitironi kuatomu yeokisijeni, zvichiita kuti isanyanya kukuvadzwa nekurwisa nucleophilic.
4. Nekuda kwezvimiro zvakasiyana, mapoinzi ekubikira uye reactivity yeketoni uye esters, mutsauko mukushandiswa kwavo unotemwa.Ketoni inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinonyungudutsa, polymer zvinhu uye zvinodhaka, nepo esters inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinonhuwira, zvinonhuhwirira uye plasticizers.Ketones anoshandiswawo semafuta ekuwedzera mupeturu, nepo esters achishandiswa semafuta mumichina.
Isu tatoziva ruzivo rweketoni uye esters, saka ndeupi musiyano pakati peketoni, esters uye ether?
Chokutanga pane zvose, tinofanira kuziva kuti ether chii?ether ine atomu yeokisijeni yakabatana nemaatomu maviri ecarbon.Iwo musanganiswa unozivikanwa nekuda kwezvinodhaka.ether kazhinji haina ruvara, haina kusimba kupfuura mvura, uye yakanaka zvinonyungudutsa kune mamwe organic komisheni semafuta nemafuta.Iwo anoshandiswawo semafuta ekuwedzera muinjini dzepeturu kuvandudza mashandiro einjini.
Mushure mekunzwisisa zvimiro zvemakemikari uye kushandiswa kwezvitatu izvi, tinogona kunyatsoziva kuti kusiyana kweketoni, esters uye ether kunosanganisira zvinhu zviviri zvinotevera:
1. Imwe yemisiyano inonyanya kukosha yatinogona kuwana pakati peketoni, esters, uye ether ndiwo mapoka avo anoshanda.Ketoni dzine mapoka ecarbonyl, ester ine ester-COO- linkages, uye ether haina chero mapoka anoshanda.Ketoni uye esters vanogovana zvimwe zvakafanana mumakemikari ehupfumi.Ose macompounds ari polar uye anogona kuumba hydrogen bonds nemamwe mamorekuru, asi ma hydrogen bond mumaketone akasimba kudarika ari mu esters, zvichikonzera kuvira kwepamusoro.
2.Mumwe mutsauko wakakosha ndewekuti vatatu ava vane mashandisirwo akasiyana
(1)Imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa kushandiswa kweketoni ndeyekunyungudutsa kweresin, wakisi, uye mafuta.Izvo zvinoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari akanaka, mishonga uye agrochemicals.Ketoni dzakadai seacetone dzinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwepurasitiki, fiber uye pendi.
(2)Ester inowanzoshandiswa mumaindasitiri ezvekudya uye zvekuzora nekuda kwekunhuhwirira kwavo uye kunhuhwirira kwakanaka.Izvo zvinoshandiswawo sezvinonyungudutsa zveinki, varnishes uye mapolymers.Esters inoshandiswawo mukugadzira resins, plasticizers uye surfactants.
(3)ether vane huwandu hwakasiyana hwekushandisa nekuda kwezvimiro zvavo zvakasiyana.Ivo vanoshandiswa sezvinonyungudutsa, anesthetics uye surfactants, pakati pevamwe.Muindasitiri yezvekurima, anoshandiswa sefumigants kudzivirira zvirimwa zvakachengetwa kubva kune zvipembenene uye fungal utachiona.ether inoshandiswawo mukugadzira epoxy resins, adhesives uye cladding zvinhu.
Ketoni uye esters ane mashandisirwo akapararira muorganic chemistry uye ari kuvaka zvidhinha zveakawanda maindasitiri maitiro.Semuenzaniso, ketones anoshandiswa sezvinonyungudutsa, mukugadzirwa kwemishonga uye mapolymers.Esters, kune rumwe rutivi, anoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvinonhuwira uye zvizorwa, seanonhuhwirira muindasitiri yechikafu, sezvinyungudutsa, uye zvakare mumapendi nemapendi.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-14-2023
