Maketone nemaester ese ari maviri emapoka akakosha mumakemikari eorganic. Anowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemakemikari eorganic uye anoita basa rakakosha mumaitiro mazhinji ehupenyu nemakemikari. Pasinei nekufanana kwawo, hunhu nemaitiro awo zvakasiyana zvikuru. Ngationgororei kuti maketone nemaester chii, kuti akasiyana sei, kuti akafanana sei, uye kuti anorevei mukemesitiri nebiology.
Maketones iboka remakemikari eorganic ane boka re carbonyl functional (C=O) riri pakati pemorekuru. Maketones ane mapoka maviri ealkyl kana aryl akabatana necarbonyl carbon. Rakareruka pane aya iacetone, ine fomura (CH3)2CO. Anogadzirwa nekuputsika kwemafuta mumuviri. Anozivikanwawo se ketone bodies, maketones makemikari anogadzirwa kana muviri wako watanga kuputsika mafuta panzvimbo pemakabhohaidhiretsi kuti uwane simba.
Maketone anoumbwa kubva mumafuta acids ari muchiropa uye anoburitswa muropa, uko anogona kushandiswa sesimba remasero nenhengo dzemuviri. Kana muviri uri muketosis, unovimba nemaketones senzvimbo huru yemafuta, kwete glucose, ndosaka chikafu cheketogenic chave chakakurumbira mumakore achangopfuura. Zvisinei, maketones haangogadzirwe panguva yekutsanya kana kudya kweketogenic chete. Anogonawo kugadzirwa kana muviri uri pasi pekushushikana, senge panguva yekurovedza muviri kwakasimba, kana kana paine kushomeka kweinsulin mumuviri, izvo zvinogona kuitika kuvanhu vane chirwere cheshuga.
Maketone matatu anogadzirwa panguva yeketosis: acetone, acetoacetate, uye beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Pakati pawo, acetone iketone inoburitswa mumuviri kuburikidza nekufema, iyo inoburitsa kunhuhwirira kwemuchero kana kutapira mumhepo, kunozivikanwa se "keto breath". Ichi chingave chiratidzo chekuti muviri wako wapinda mumamiriro eketosis. Acetoacetate, imwe ketone, inogadzirwa muchiropa uye inoshandiswa nemasero emuviri sesimba. Zvisinei, inoshandukawo kuita BHB, rudzi rweketone rwakajairika muropa panguva yeketosis. BHB inogona kuyambuka zviri nyore chipingamupinyi cheropa-uropi, nokudaro ichipa simba kuuropi uye inogona kuvandudza kujeka kwepfungwa uye kutarisa.
MaEsters zvinhu zvakasikwa zvine basa reRCOOR, uko R naR' zviri chero boka rezvisikwa. MaEsters anoumbwa kana macarboxylic acids nealcohols zvikaita zvine acidic uye zvichibvisa molecule yemvura. Anowanzo kuwanikwa mumafuta anokosha nemichero yakawanda. Semuenzaniso, kunhuhwirira kuri mumabhanana akaibva kunobva kuester inonzi isoamyl acetate. MaEsters ane hunhu hwakasiyana hunoaita kuti ave akakosha mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana.
1. Zvinonhuhwirira
Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa dzema esters ndeyekunhuhwirira nezvinonhuwira nekuda kwekunhuhwirira kwavo kunotapira, kwemuchero uye kunofadza, uye vanobatsirawo kuwedzera kunhuhwirira kwechigadzirwa, zvichiita kuti chinyanye kukwezva vashandisi.
2. Kuravira kwechikafu
Maumbirwo akasiyana emakemikoro emaesters anoabvumira kuti ape hwema hwemichero nemaruva, saka maesters anoshandiswawo muindasitiri yezvikafu, kunyanya muzvinonaka. Akajairika muzvikafu zvakawanda zvinosanganisira makeke, zvinhu zvakabikwa nezvinwiwa. Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, maesters ave achishandiswa mukugadzira manakiro ekugadzira uye ave zvinhu zvekutanga muzvikafu zvakawanda.
3. Purasitiki
Sezvinhu zvinogadzira purasitiki, maester anoita kuti mapurasitiki agone kuchinjika uye kugara kwenguva refu. Saka maester anoshandiswa mukugadzira mapurasitiki akasiyana-siyana, uye anobatsirawo kudzivirira kuti mapurasitiki asave akaomarara nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvakakosha kune zvigadzirwa zvinogara kwenguva refu zvakaita sezvikamu zvemotokari kana zvishandiso zvekurapa.
4. Chinonyungudutsa
Nekuti maester anogona kunyungudutsa zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakaita semafuta, resins nemafuta. Saka, maester anobatsira mumaindasitiri mazhinji sezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa zvimwe zvinhu. Maester zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa zvakanaka, izvo zvinoita kuti abatsire mukugadzira pendi, varnishes uye manamati.
Nekuenzanisa ma ketone nema esters, tinogona kuona kuti musiyano uripo pakati pema ketone nema esters uri muzvikamu zvinotevera:
1. Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pemaketone nemaester uri muchimiro chemakemikari. Boka remaketone recarbonyl riri pakati peketani yekabhoni, nepo boka remaester recarbonyl riri pamagumo ekabhoni. Musiyano uyu wechimiro unotungamira mukusiyana kwehunhu hwavo hwepanyama nehwemakemikari.
●Maketones imakemikari eorganic ane boka recarbonyl rine atomu yeokisijeni yakabatana kaviri neatomu yekabhoni iri pakati peketani yekabhoni. Fomura yavo yemakemikari ndeye R-CO-R', uko R naR' ari alkyl kana aryl. Maketones anoumbwa nekuoxidation yesecondary alcohols kana kupatsanurwa kwecarboxylic acids. Anoitawo keto-enol tautomerism, zvinoreva kuti anogona kuvapo mumhando dzese dzeketone neenol. Maketones anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira zvinonyungudutsa, zvinhu zvepolymer uye mishonga.
●MaEsters zvinhu zvakasikwa zvine boka recarbonyl pamagumo ekabhoni uye boka reR rakabatana neatomu yeokisijeni. Fomura yavo yemakemikari inonzi R-COOR', apo R naR' zviri alkyl kana aryl. MaEsters anoumbwa nekuita kwecarboxylic acids nealcohols paine catalyst. Ane hwema hwemuchero uye anowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira zvinonhuhwirira, essences uye plasticizers.
2.Musiyano uri pachena pakati pemaketone nemaester ndewekuti anofashaira sei. Maketone anofashaira sei akakwira kupfuura emaester nekuti ane masimba akasimba pakati pemamorekuru. Boka recarbonyl riri muketone rinogona kuumba mahydrogen bonds nemaketone molecule ari pedyo, zvichikonzera masimba akasimba pakati pemamorekuru. Kusiyana neizvi, maester ane masimba asina simba pakati pemamorekuru nekuda kwekusakwanisa kwemaatomu eokisijeni muboka reR kugadzira mahydrogen bonds nemaester molecule ari pedyo.
3.Pamusoro pezvo, reactivity yemaketone nemaester yakasiyana. Nekuda kwekuvapo kwema alkyl maviri kana ma aryl groups kumativi ese e carbonyl group, ma ketones anonyanya kuita reactive kupfuura ma esters. Mapoka aya anogona kupa ma electron ku carbonyl, zvichiita kuti ive nyore kubatwa ne nucleophilic attack. Kusiyana neizvi, ma esters haanyanyi kuita reactive nekuda kwekuvapo kwe alkyl kana aryl group pa oxygen atom. Boka iri rinogona kupa ma electron ku oxygen atom, zvichiita kuti isanyanya kutapukirwa ne nucleophilic attack.
4. Nekuda kwemaumbirwo akasiyana, mapombi ekufashaira uye reactivity yemaketone nemaesters, musiyano mukushandiswa kwawo unoonekwa. Maketone anowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira zvinonyungudutsa, zvinhu zvepolymer nemishonga, nepo maesters anowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira zvinonhuhwirira, manakiro uye plasticizers. Maketone anoshandiswawo semafuta ekuwedzera mupeturu, nepo maesters achi shandiswa semafuta ekuwedzera mumichina.
Tatoziva ruzivo rwemaketone nemaester, saka musiyano uripi pakati pemaketone, maester neether?
Chekutanga, tinofanira kuziva kuti chii chinonzi ether? ether ine atomu yeokisijeni yakabatana nemaatomu maviri ekabhoni. Imusanganiswa unozivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwawo hwezvinodhaka. ether kazhinji haina ruvara, haina kusimba semvura, uye inonyungudutsa zvakanaka kune mamwe makemikari emuchadenga akadai semafuta nemafuta. Anoshandiswawo sekuwedzera mafuta muinjini dzepeturu kuvandudza mashandiro einjini.
Mushure mekunzwisisa maumbirwo emakemikari uye mashandisirwo ezvitatu izvi, tinogona kuziva zvakajeka kuti mutsauko uripo pakati pemaketone, maester ne ether unosanganisira zvinhu zviviri zvinotevera:
1. Imwe yemisiyano inonyanya kuzivikanwa yatinogona kuwana pakati pemaketone, maester, uye ether imapoka avo anoshanda. Maketone ane mapoka ecarbonyl, maester ane ester-COO- linkages, uye maether haana mapoka anoshanda. Maketone nemaester akafanana muhunhu hwemakemikari. Maketone ese ari maviri ane polar uye anogona kuumba hydrogen bonds nemamwe mamorekuru, asi hydrogen bonds mumaketones dzakasimba kupfuura dziri mumaester, zvichikonzera kufashaira kwakanyanya.
2.Mumwe musiyano wakakosha ndewekuti zvitatu izvi zvine mashandisirwo akasiyana
(1)Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa dzemaketones ndeyekunyungudutsa maresini, wakisi, nemafuta. Anoshandiswawo mukugadzira makemikari akanaka, mishonga, uye agrochemicals. Maketone akadai seacetone anoshandiswa mukugadzira mapurasitiki, fibers, uye pendi.
(2)MaEsters anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri ezvekudya nekugadzira zvizoro nekuda kwekunhuhwirira kwawo kwakanaka uye kuravira. Anoshandiswawo sezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa inki, varnishes uye polymers. MaEsters anoshandiswawo mukugadzira maresins, plasticizers uye surfactants.
(3)Ether ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwakasiyana. Inoshandiswa sezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa, zvinoderedza marwadzo uye zvinopisa, pakati pezvimwe. Muindasitiri yekurima, inoshandiswa sezvinhu zvinofuridzira zvirimwa zvakachengetwa kubva kuzvipembenene nezvirwere zvefungus. Ether inoshandiswawo mukugadzira epoxy resins, manamatisi nezvinhu zvinofukidza.
Maketone nemaester ane mashandisirwo akawanda mumakemikari echisikigo uye anovaka maitiro mazhinji emaindasitiri. Semuenzaniso, maketone anoshandiswa sezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa, mukugadzira mishonga nemapolymers. Kune rumwe rutivi, maester anoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvinonhuwira uye zvekushongedza, sezvinhu zvinonhuhwirira muindasitiri yechikafu, sezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa, uye zvakare mumapendi nependi.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikumi-14-2023
